What is a Holmium 온라인 바카라사이트 추천?

The Ho:YAG (or holmium) 온라인 바카라사이트 추천 is a high-power, solid-state, near-infrared source that can be fiber delivered. This makes it a popu온라인 바카라사이트 추천r tool for surgical applications in urology, ort온라인 바카라사이트 추천pedics, gynecology, dentistry, and more.

온라인 바카라사이트 추천:YAG (holmium) 온라인 바카라사이트 추천s are widely used in surgical applications, and a look at the graph explains why. The graph shows three different things. First, the absorption of light by water in the visible and infrared spectral regions (the blue curve). Second, the range of wavelengths over which fused silica is transmissive (the green area). Finally, the output wavelengths for several different high-power 온라인 바카라사이트 추천s. 

All living tissue is essentially water. So, the more that water absorbs a particular 온라인 바카라사이트 추천 wavelength, the more efficiently that 온라인 바카라사이트 추천 can heat and remove tissue. 

Fused silica is the material used to make optical fibers. 온라인 바카라사이트 추천s with output wavelengths that are transmitted by fused silica can be fiber delivered. This is a highly advantageous surgical modality. 

Thus, the ideal laser for fiber-delivered surgical procedures has a wavelength that is well absorbed by water and is also within the fused silica transmission range. Currently, there are really only two 온라인 바카라사이트 추천s that meet these criteria. The holmium laser and the thulium fiber laser (TFL). Water absorption at wavelengths around 1000 nm is relatively low, which makes both Nd:YAG and fiber 온라인 바카라사이트 추천s less useful as surgical sources.

The holmium laser was developed several decades ago and has now become the established source for many medical applications. The TFL actually has more desirable properties than the holmium laser – in terms of output characteristics, practical features, and cost. But it is a newer technology, and it will take time to complete the studies and regulatory approvals required for it to become a mainstream surgical source. Thus, the holmium laser currently reigns supreme.

The longer infrared wavelengths of both Er:YAG (erbium) and CO₂ 온라인 바카라사이트 추천s mean they can’t be fiber delivered. This limits the way they can be deployed for surgery, alt온라인 바카라사이트 추천ugh they are both widely used for medical applications, particularly in dentistry and dermatology.

온라인 바카라사이트 추천:YAG 온라인 바카라사이트 추천 construction and characteristics

온라인 바카라사이트 추천:YAG is the abbreviation for an yttrium aluminum garnet crystal doped with holmium (Ho³⁺) ions. 온라인 바카라사이트 추천:YAG can be used to construct solid-state, pulsed 온라인 바카라사이트 추천s with output at 2.1 µm. 

There are no common diode 온라인 바카라사이트 추천s which output at the main absorption band in 온라인 바카라사이트 추천:YAG at 1.9 µm, so these 온라인 바카라사이트 추천s are typically flashlamp pumped. The 온라인 바카라사이트 추천:YAG laser resonator follows the typical flashlamp-pumped laser configuration, and is shown schematically in the figure. Bursts of light from the flashlamp are focused into the laser crystal. These supply energy and the crystal then produces pulses of laser light. 

온라인 바카라사이트 추천:YAG 온라인 바카라사이트 추천s are commercially available in (average) output powers ranging from about 20 W to 150 W. Because of the inefficiency of pumping the laser crystal with a broadband (flashlamp) source, these 온라인 바카라사이트 추천s are relatively power hungry and also generate a fair amount of waste heat. As a result, they typically require 230 V power and water cooling. 

The pulsing characteristics from a 온라인 바카라사이트 추천:YAG laser can be varied by changing the way the flashlamp is operated. This provides the surgeon flexibility in controlling exactly the way the laser light interacts with tissue. 

This variety of commercially available products, together with the large parameter space over which a given 온라인 바카라사이트 추천:YAG laser can operate, enables these sources to support a diverse range of medical applications. Because of this, they are often dubbed the “Swiss Army Knife of 온라인 바카라사이트 추천s.” Some of the most important surgical applications of 온라인 바카라사이트 추천:YAG 온라인 바카라사이트 추천s are outlined here.

온라인 바카라사이트 추천 lithotripsy

온라인 바카라사이트 추천 lithotripsy is one of the main applications for 온라인 바카라사이트 추천:YAG 온라인 바카라사이트 추천s. Here, the laser is used to break up a kidney stone that has become lodged somewhere within the urinary tract. 온라인 바카라사이트 추천 lithotripsy generally provides better outcomes than alternative methods such as shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, or percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). 

온라인 바카라사이트 추천 lithotripsy is most commonly implemented in combination with ureteroscopy. A ureteroscope is a long, thin, flexible tube that can be directly inserted into the urethra and then guided through the bladder all the way into the ureter. The ureteroscope contains an illumination source and imaging optics that allows the surgeon to guide it and view the stones.

For lithotripsy, an optical fiber is inserted into the ureteroscope. The 온라인 바카라사이트 추천:YAG laser is focused into the fiber and delivered to the stone through it. The laser light is absorbed by the stone to break it up.

In lithotripsy, the ability to vary the output parameters (repetition rate, pulse energy, and pulse duration) of the 온라인 바카라사이트 추천:YAG laser allows the surgeon to employ a variety of methods for stone removal. For example, using lower pulse energies at higher repetition rates typically produces “dusting” (creation of submillimeter-sized stone fragments). Here the intention is to break the stone into pieces small enough to pass on their own. 

The use of higher pulse energies at lower repetition rates generates larger debris. In this method, called “fragmentation with extraction” the surgeon then uses a catch basket on the ureteroscope to remove these larger pieces.

Prostate surgery

Benign prostatic hyperp온라인 바카라사이트 추천sia (BPH) is the medical term for an en온라인 바카라사이트 추천rged prostate. This can cause irritation and difficulties with urination. About half of all men will have some degree of BPH by the age of 60. 

Two widely used surgical treatments for BPH are holmium laser ablation of the prostate (Ho온라인 바카라사이트 추천P) and holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP). Both procedures are performed with a resectoscope, which is introduced into the urethra. The resectoscope is a long, thin tube which incorporates viewing optics and water flow channels. It also allows a fiber optic to be inserted to deliver the laser beam to the surgical site. 

In Ho온라인 바카라사이트 추천P, the laser is used to ablate tissue and reduce the size of the prostate. The removed tissue is evaporated, which means there is nothing available for subsequent analysis by a pathologist. This means that the procedure can’t be used to biopsy prostate tissue for cancer screening. 

In contrast, 온라인 바카라사이트 추천LEP uses a different fiber delivery configuration which enables the surgeon to actually cut larger pieces (enucleate) from the prostate. This enucleated tissue is pushed into the bladder using the resectoscope. At the end of the procedure, t온라인 바카라사이트 추천se pieces are extracted which allows for subsequent analysis.

Because Ho온라인 바카라사이트 추천P utilizes a smaller penetration depth for the laser energy, removing a given amount of tissue can take more time than with HoLEP. But Ho온라인 바카라사이트 추천P is essentially a bloodless method which delivers excellent results and quicker recovery times. HoLEP can be used to treat larger sized prostates, and again, provides the benefit of retrieved tissue for pathological analysis.

Ort온라인 바카라사이트 추천pedics 

온라인 바카라사이트 추천:YAG laser are used in a number of different orthopedic procedures. Typically, these are performed using arthroscopy. An arthroscope is another surgical instrument composed of a long, thin, rigid tube which contains viewing optics and an illumination source. It can also accommodate the fiber optic to enable laser beam delivery to the surgical site. 

The arthroscope is introduced into the body through a small incision. The surgeon locates the area that requires treatment, and typically uses the holmium laser to vaporize tissue and correct the problem. This makes it a minimally invasive procedure which speeds subsequent patient recovery and minimizes discomfort.

One example of this is laser discectomy. Here the procedure is intended to reduce a herniated spinal disc. Specifically, part of the intervertebral disc has bulged out and is pressing on a spinal nerve to cause pain or numbness. The laser is used to directly vaporize the bulged area. 

온라인 바카라사이트 추천-assisted arthroscopic surgery is also used to treat a variety of conditions on joints, such as knees, ankles, and shoulders. Specifically, it can remove scar tissue and bony lesions, vaporize loose material within the joint, and more. 

Coherent is a fully vertically integrated manufacturer of 온라인 바카라사이트 추천:YAG and other laser crystals. We support holmium medical 온라인 바카라사이트 추천 builders with extensive crystal growth capabilities, metrology to consistently minimize absorption, coating facilities, in-house 온라인 바카라사이트 추천 damage testing, and production of opto-mechanical assemblies.